Parkinson’s Disease

What it is:

What Is Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and coordination. It occurs when dopamine-producing neurons in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra begin to deteriorate. Dopamine is essential for smooth, controlled muscle movements. As dopamine levels drop, symptoms gradually worsen over time.

Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact cause is unknown, Parkinson’s is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors:

Age: Most common after age 60
Gender: Slightly more common in men
Genetics: Family history increases risk
Environmental exposures: Pesticides, heavy metals, and head trauma

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s symptoms vary but typically include:

Motor Symptoms

Tremors (especially at rest, often starting in hands)
Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
Muscle rigidity
Postural instability (balance problems)
Shuffling gait
Speech and writing changes [Parkinson’…ayo Clinic]

Non-Motor Symptoms

Depression and anxiety
Sleep disturbances
Constipation
Loss of smell
Cognitive decline
Fatigue

Diagnosis

There is no single test for Parkinson’s. Diagnosis is based on:

Neurological exam
Medical history
Response to Parkinson’s medications
Imaging tests (e.g., DAT scan, MRI)
Alpha-synuclein testing (emerging biomarker)

Treatment Options

Although Parkinson’s cannot be cured, symptoms can be managed effectively:

1. Medications

Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet) – most effective for motor symptoms
Dopamine agonists – mimic dopamine effects
MAO-B inhibitors – slow dopamine breakdown
COMT inhibitors – prolong Levodopa effect
Amantadine – helps with tremors and dyskinesia [Parkinson’…ts – WebMD]

2. Surgical Options

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) – electrodes implanted in the brain to regulate movement
Focused Ultrasound – non-invasive lesioning for tremor control [Treatment…ase Assoc.]

3. Supportive Therapies

Physical therapy – improves mobility and balance
Occupational therapy – aids daily activities
Speech therapy – helps with voice and swallowing
Mental health support – for depression and anxiety

Ready to Take the Next Step?

Call us at (561) 433-4444 to schedule a consultation or make an appointment.
Let our experienced doctors help you manage Parkinson’s Disease and improve your quality of life.